Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

Understanding PECS

PECS, which stands for the Picture Exchange Communication System, is a structured and evidence-based communication method designed to assist children with autism in overcoming communication difficulties. This system is based on applied behavior analysis principles and encourages children to initiate communication using pictures instead of words. By using pictures, children with autism can play an active role in the communication process, which can be less intimidating and more comfortable for them.

What is PECS?

PECS is a six-phase picture system that focuses on teaching functional communication skills to individuals with autism. The system starts with the physical exchange phase, where children learn to exchange a picture card for a desired item or action. As they progress through the phases, they learn to expand their communication spontaneity, discriminate between different pictures, and eventually use picture cards to form sentences and generalize their communication skills. PECS was developed in 1985 by Andy Bondy, PhD, and Lori Frost, MS, CCC-SLP, and has been widely used worldwide with individuals of all ages facing various cognitive, physical, and communication challenges [2].

Why Use PECS?

PECS is an evidence-based Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) system that has proven to be effective for individuals with autism. It offers a structured and systematic approach to teaching communication skills, focusing on the individual's strengths and abilities. By using pictures as a means of communication, PECS allows individuals with autism to express their needs, desires, and thoughts effectively, even if they are not yet able to speak.

Some key reasons for using PECS include:

PECS has shown to be effective not only for preschool children with autism but also for individuals of all ages with various cognitive, physical, and communication challenges. It is a versatile and adaptable communication system that can make a significant impact on the lives of individuals with autism, enhancing their communication abilities and promoting their overall social development.

The Six Phases of PECS

The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a structured approach designed to help children with autism develop effective communication skills. PECS involves six distinct phases, each building upon the previous one, to gradually develop the child's ability to communicate using pictures.

Physical Exchange Phase

The first phase of PECS, known as the Physical Exchange Phase, focuses on teaching the child to initiate communication by using a single picture card to request a desired item or action. In this phase, the child is taught to approach a communication partner, hand them the picture card, and receive the requested item or action in return. This phase emphasizes the importance of the child taking the lead in the communication process, using pictures instead of words to express their needs or wants.

Expanding Spontaneity Phase

In the Expanding Spontaneity Phase, the child learns to use a wider range of picture cards to make requests and initiate more spontaneous communication. The focus shifts from requesting specific items to requesting activities, answering questions, and making comments. The child is encouraged to use a variety of picture cards to express their thoughts and desires, fostering their ability to communicate in a more flexible and independent manner.

Discrimination Training

The Discrimination Training phase aims to enhance the child's ability to recognize and select the correct picture card from an array of choices. This phase helps the child develop discrimination skills, ensuring that they can accurately identify and choose the picture that represents their intended communication. Through systematic training and reinforcement, the child becomes proficient in selecting the appropriate picture card to convey their message effectively.

As the child progresses through these phases, the PECS program continues to develop their communication skills further, including sentence structure, generalization, and advanced communication functions. The training format of the PECS program involves specific prompting and reinforcement strategies to promote independent communication and minimize prompt dependency. It is based on B.F. Skinner's book, Verbal Behavior, and employs a broad spectrum applied behavior analysis approach.

By progressing through the six phases of PECS, children with autism can develop the necessary skills to effectively communicate their needs, wants, thoughts, and feelings using pictures. This structured approach empowers children with autism to participate in social interactions and engage with others, enhancing their overall communication abilities.

Implementing PECS

PECS, or the Picture Exchange Communication System, is a powerful tool used to facilitate communication for individuals with autism and other communication challenges. This section will explore the teaching strategies involved in implementing PECS and discuss the benefits it offers.

Teaching Strategies

The core principle of PECS involves exchanging a picture or symbol for a desired item or activity. The child initiates communication by handing a picture of what they want to a communication partner, who then honors the exchange by providing the desired item or activity. This approach allows individuals with autism to gradually develop their communication skills in a structured and supportive manner [4].

The teaching protocol of PECS is based on B.F. Skinner's book, Verbal Behavior, and uses applied behavior analysis techniques. It emphasizes specific prompting and reinforcement strategies to promote independent communication. To build immediate initiation and prevent prompt dependency, verbal prompts are avoided [2].

PECS consists of six phases that guide the progression of communication skills. These phases include:

These teaching strategies provide a structured framework for individuals with autism to develop their communication abilities and gradually progress towards more complex communication skills.

Benefits of PECS

PECS offers numerous benefits for individuals with communication challenges. By using pictures or symbols to convey their needs, wants, feelings, and more, individuals can initiate communication and actively participate in social interactions. Some key benefits of PECS include:

Implementing PECS requires patience, consistency, and ongoing support from educators, therapists, and parents. By utilizing the teaching strategies of PECS and recognizing its benefits, individuals with autism can develop effective communication skills and unlock new opportunities for meaningful engagement with the world around them.

Effectiveness of PECS

When it comes to assessing the effectiveness of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), both case studies and research findings provide valuable insights into its impact on individuals with autism. These studies highlight the positive outcomes and benefits of implementing PECS as a communication intervention.

Case Studies

One case study involved a seven-year-old male child diagnosed with childhood autism. After participating in thirty-two sessions of interventions spread over three months using PECS along with traditional behavioral techniques, significant improvements of around 60% were observed in target behaviors such as repeated head turning, flapping hands, and poor communication skills. The child also showed a reduction in stereotyped behaviors and an increase in independence levels for self-help activities. These gains were maintained at the three-month follow-up, highlighting the long-term effectiveness of PECS and traditional behavioral techniques in managing behavioral problems in autism.

Research Findings

Research and evidence strongly support the effectiveness of PECS as a valuable communication intervention for individuals with autism. Multiple peer-reviewed studies and systematic research reviews confirm its efficacy, leading organizations such as the National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders (NPDC) to recommend the use of PECS as an evidence-based practice [4]. In fact, the NPDC adopted PECS as one of its 27 evidence-based practices, considering over 190 published articles and peer-reviewed research papers that provide evidence for the positive outcomes and effectiveness of PECS when implemented correctly [5].

PECS has shown to be effective not only for preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but also for individuals who were taught PECS as adults, highlighting that it's never too late to start using the system [3]. These findings emphasize the versatility and effectiveness of PECS across various age groups.

By examining case studies and research findings, it becomes evident that PECS is a highly effective communication system for individuals with autism. It has demonstrated significant improvements in communication skills, reduced stereotyped behaviors, and increased independence levels. The evidence supporting the effectiveness of PECS has led to its recognition as an evidence-based practice, making it a valuable tool in promoting effective communication and enhancing the overall quality of life for individuals with autism.

Training and Support

When implementing the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), it is essential to provide proper training and support to educators and parents. The success of PECS relies on understanding and effectively utilizing the system's principles and strategies.

Educator Training

To ensure the successful implementation of PECS, educators can undergo specific training programs designed to equip them with the necessary skills and knowledge. Training of Education Professionals (EPs) to use PECS has shown positive results, with an immediate increase in the quality and/or quantity of PECS opportunities provided by the EPs [6]. These training programs aim to familiarize educators with the PECS teaching protocol, which is based on B.F. Skinner's book, Verbal Behavior, and broad spectrum applied behavior analysis. The protocol includes specific prompting and reinforcement strategies, systematic error correction procedures, and the promotion of independent communication. By avoiding the use of verbal prompts, educators can foster immediate initiation and prevent prompt dependency.

Studies have shown that training EPs to deliver PECS opportunities yields positive outcomes. However, the maintenance and generalization of the training may vary [6]. It is crucial to provide ongoing support and professional development opportunities to educators to reinforce their understanding and implementation of PECS.

Resources for Parents

Parents play a vital role in supporting their children's communication development, particularly when using PECS. Providing resources and guidance to parents can enhance their understanding of the system and empower them to effectively implement PECS strategies at home.

There are various resources available for parents, including books, online tutorials, and workshops. These resources aim to educate parents about the principles and techniques of PECS, helping them create a supportive and communicative environment for their children. Additionally, these resources can provide guidance on troubleshooting common challenges and adapting PECS to meet their child's specific needs.

By equipping parents with the necessary knowledge and skills, they can become active partners in their child's communication journey. Collaborating with educators and professionals trained in PECS can further enhance the child's progress and ensure consistency in communication strategies.

For parents seeking resources and support, organizations specializing in autism, such as PECS USA, offer comprehensive information, training materials, and workshops tailored to the needs of parents with children using PECS.

By providing training and support to educators and parents, the successful implementation of PECS can be fostered. Educators can gain the necessary skills to effectively use PECS in educational settings, while parents can acquire the knowledge to support their child's communication development at home. Together, educators and parents can create an environment that promotes effective communication and enhances the overall success of individuals using the Picture Exchange Communication System.

Beyond Autism

While the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) was initially developed for children with autism, its impact extends beyond this population. PECS has shown to be effective not only for preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) but also for individuals who were taught PECS as adults, demonstrating that it's never too late to start using the system [3]. Let's explore some success stories and applications of PECS beyond autism.

Success Stories

PECS has been used successfully with a variety of learners of all ages who have different cognitive, physical, and communication challenges. The system's adaptability and effectiveness have made it a valuable tool for individuals facing various conditions and needs. Here are a few examples:

These success stories highlight the versatility and effectiveness of PECS in helping individuals across different conditions and challenges communicate more effectively.

Applications Beyond Autism

PECS is suitable for all age groups and a wide range of disorders and needs, not limited to individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Some of the applications of PECS beyond autism include:

PECS has proven to be an adaptable and effective communication system, extending its benefits to individuals facing a range of challenges beyond autism. Its affordability compared to more sophisticated systems, such as Speech Generating Devices (SGDs), makes it accessible to a wider range of individuals and their families. The success and widespread implementation of PECS worldwide demonstrate its versatility and effectiveness as a communication system [2].

Remember, while PECS has shown great success, it is important to consult with professionals and educators to determine the most appropriate communication system for each individual's unique needs.

References

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